British Summer Time

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Western European Summer Time (WEST) is a summer daylight saving time scheme, 1 hour ahead of Coordinated Universal Time. It is used in the following places:

the Canary Islands
the Faroe Islands
the Republic of Ireland
the Crown dependencies
the Madeira islands
continental Portugal
the United Kingdom

Western European Summer Time is also known by other names:

British Summer Time (BST) in the United Kingdom.
Irish Standard Time (IST) ( (ACÉ)) in Republic of Ireland. Also sometimes erroneously referred to as Irish Summer Time ().

The scheme runs from the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in October each year. At both the start and end of the schemes, clock changes take place at 01:00 UTC. During the winter, Western European Time (UTC+0) is used.

The start and end dates of the scheme are somewhat asymmetrical in terms of daylight hours: the Spring (season) time of year with a similar amount of daylight to late October is mid-February, well before the start of summer time. The asymmetry reflects temperature more than the length of daylight.

Usage The following countries and territories use Western European Summer Time during the summer, between 1:00 UTC on the last Sunday of March and 1:00 UTC on the last Sunday of October.

Canary Islands, regularly since 1980 (rest of Spain is Central European Summer Time, i.e. UTC+2)
Faroe Islands, regularly since 1981
The Republic of Ireland

1916–1939 summers IST
1940–1946 all year IST
1947–1968 summers IST
1968–1971 all year IST
1972— summers IST

Portugal

1977–1992 WEST
1993–1995 Central European Summer Time
1996— WEST (except Azores, UTC)

The United Kingdom

1916–1939 summers BST
1940–1945 all year BST (1941–1945 summers BDST=BST+1)
1946 summer BST
1947 summer BST (1947 summer BDST=BST+1)
1948–1968 summers BST
1968–1971 all year BST
1972— summers BST

Republic of Ireland The Standard Time Act 1968 stipulated that standard time is GMT+1 (Central European Time) and from 1968 clocks were not turned back one hour during winter.The subsequent Standard Time (Amendment) Act, 1971 effectively reversed this, and from 1971 returned winter time to Greenwich Mean Time, it did not however change the names of the Irish summer time zone, which are still, officially, Irish Standard Time (IST) and Am Caighdeánach na hÉireann (ACÉ).

Portugal Portugal moved to Central European Time and Central European Summer Time in 1992, but reverted to Western European Time in 1996 after concluding that energy savings were small, it had a disturbing effect on children's sleeping habits as it would not get dark until 22:00 or 22:30 in summer evenings with repercussions on standards of learning and school performance, and insurance companies reported a rise in the number of accidents.

United Kingdom In the United Kingdom the preference, when a daylight saving scheme has been operable, has been for standard time to be used during the winter, with clocks moving forward during the summer.

Starting in 1916, the dates for the beginning and end of BST each year were mandated by the Parliament of the United Kingdom. In February 2002, the Summer Time Order 2002 permanently changed the dates and times to match European rules for moving to and from daylight saving time. The European compromise was closer to previous British practice than to the practice elsewhere in Europe.

Occasional debate breaks out over the validity of BST, due to Britain's latitudinal length. In 2004, an interesting contribution was made by English MP Nigel Beard, who tabled a Private Member's Bill in the British House of Commons proposing that England and Wales should be able to determine their own time independently of Scotland and Northern Ireland. If it had been passed into law, this bill would potentially have seen the United Kingdom with two different timezones for the first time since the abolition of Dublin Mean Time (25 minutes behind Greenwich) on August 23, 1916.

During World War II, Britain retained the hour's advance on GMT at the start of the winter of 1940 and continued to advance the clocks by an extra hour during the summers until the end of the summer of 1944. During these summers Britain was thus 2 hours ahead of GMT and operating on British Double Summer Time (BDST). The clocks were not advanced for the summer of 1945 and were reverted to GMT at the end of the summer of 1945. In 1947 the clocks were advanced by one hour twice during the spring and put back twice during the autumn so that Britain was on BDST during the height of the summer.

Safety campaigners, including the Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents (RoSPA), have made recommendations that British Summer Time be maintained during the winter months, and that a "double summertime" be applied to the current British Summer Time period, putting the UK two hours ahead of GMT during summer. RoSPA suggest this would reduce the number of accidents over this period as a result of the lighter evenings, as was demonstrated when the British Standard Time scheme was trialled between 1968 and 1971, when Britain remained on GMT+1 all year. Analysis of accident data during the experiment indicated that while there had been an increase in casualties in the morning, there had been a substantially greater decrease in casualties in the evening, with a total of around 2,500 fewer people killed and seriously injured during the first two winters of the experiment. RoSPA have called for the two year trial to be repeated with modern evaluation methods. The proposal is opposed by farmers and other outdoor workers, and many residents of Scotland and Northern Ireland, as it would mean that, in northern Britain and Northern Ireland, the winter sunrise would not occur until 10:00 or even later.

In 2005, Simon Brooke Mackay, Baron Tanlaw introduced the Lighter Evenings (Experiment) Bill into the House of Lords, which would advance winter and summer time by one hour for a three-year trial period at the discretion of "devolved bodies", allowing Scotland and Northern Ireland the option not to take part. The proposal was rejected by the government. The bill received its second reading on 24 March 2006; it is unlikely to pass as it is not supported by the Government.

The Local Government Association has called for a three-year trial of the Single/Double Summer Time (SDST).

Start and end dates of British and Irish Summer Time {| class="wikitable sortable"! Summer !!class="unsortable"| Begins (GMT) !!class="unsortable"| Ends (GMT) !!class="unsortable"| UK Notes !!class="unsortable"| Ireland Notes|-!2011 01:00 || Sun [30 October 01:00 ]| Sun 28 March 01:00 ] 01:00 || |||-!2009 01:00 || Sun [25 October 01:00 ]| Sun 30 March 01:00 ] 01:00 || |||-!2007 01:00 || Sun [28 October 01:00 ]| Sun 26 March 01:00 ] 01:00 || |||-!2005 01:00 || Sun [30 October 01:00 ]| Sun 28 March 01:00 ] 01:00 || |||-!2003 01:00 || Sun [26 October 01:00 ]| Sun 31 March 01:00 ] 01:00 || Moves in line with EU || Moves in line with EU |-!2001 01:00 || Sun [28 October 01:00 ]| Sun 26 March 01:00 ] 01:00 || |||-!1999 01:00 || Sun [31 October 01:00 ]| Sun 29 March 01:00 ] 01:00 || |||-!1997 01:00 || Sun [26 October 01:00 ]| Sun 31 March 01:00 ] 01:00 || |||-!1995 01:00 || Sun [22 October 01:00 ]| Sun 27 March 01:00 ] 01:00 || |||-!1993 01:00 || Sun [24 October 01:00 ]| Sun 29 March 01:00 ] 01:00 || |||-!1991 01:00 || Sun [27 October 01:00 ]| Sun 25 March 01:00 ] 01:00 || |||-!1989 01:00 || Sun [29 October 01:00 ]| Sun 27 March 01:00 ] 01:00 || |||-!1987 01:00 || Sun [25 October 01:00 ]| Sun 30 March 01:00 ] 01:00 || |||-!1985 01:00 || Sun [27 October 01:00 ]| Sun 25 March 01:00 ] 01:00 || |||-!1983 01:00 || Sun [23 October 01:00 ]| Sun 28 March 01:00 ] 01:00 || |||-!1981 01:00 || Sun [25 October 01:00 ]| Sun 16 March 02:00 ] 02:00 || |||-!1979 02:00 || Sun [28 October 02:00 ]| Sun 19 March 02:00 ] 02:00 || |||-!1977 02:00 || Sun [23 October 02:00 ]| Sun 21 March 02:00 ] 02:00 || |||-!1975 02:00 || Sun [26 October 02:00 ]| Sun 17 March 02:00 ] 02:00 || |||-!1973 02:00 || Sun [28 October 02:00 ]| Sun 19 March 02:00 ] 02:00 || |||-!1971 02:00 || BST all year ends || IST all year ends|-![1970| || || BST all year || IST all year|-![1968 01:00 || || BST all year begins || IST all year begins|-![1967 02:00 || Sun [29 October 02:00 ]| Sun 20 March 02:00 ] 02:00 || |||-!1965 02:00 || Sun [24 October 02:00 ]| Sun 22 March 02:00 ] 02:00 || |||-!1963 02:00 || Sun [27 October 02:00 ]| Sun 25 March 02:00 ] 02:00 || |||-!1961 02:00 || Sun [29 October 02:00 ]| Sun 10 April 02:00 ] 02:00 || |||-!1959 02:00 || Sun [4 October 02:00 ]| Sun 20 April 02:00 ] 02:00 || |||-!1957 02:00 || Sun [6 October 02:00 ]| Sun 22 April 02:00 ] 02:00 || |||-!1955 02:00 || Sun [2 October 02:00 ]| Sun 11 April 02:00 ] 02:00 || |||-!1953 02:00 || Sun [4 October 02:00 ]| Sun 20 April 02:00 ] 02:00 || |||-!1951 02:00 || Sun [21 October 02:00 ]| Sun 16 April 02:00 ] 02:00 || |||-!1949 02:00 || Sun [30 October 02:00 ]| Sun 14 March 02:00 ] 02:00 || |||-!1947 02:00 || Back to GMT || Back to GMT|-![1947 02:00 || Sun [10 August 02:00 ]| Sun 16 March 02:00 ]| Sun 14 April 02:00 ] 02:00 || || Back to GMT (Oct)|-!1945 02:00 || Back to GMT || IST|-![1945 01:00 || Sun [15 July 01:00 ]| Sun 2 April 01:00 ] 01:00 || BDST (2 hours ahead) || IST / no DST|-!1943 01:00 || Sun [15 August 01:00 ]| Sun 5 April 01:00 ] 01:00 || BDST (2 hours ahead) || IST / no DST|-!1941 01:00 || Sun [10 August 01:00 ]| Sun 25 February 02:00 ] || IST 1940–1946|-!1939 02:00 || Sun [19 November 02:00 ]| Sun 10 April 02:00 ] 02:00 || |||-!1937 02:00 || Sun [3 October 02:00 ]| Sun 19 April 02:00 ] 02:00 || |||-!1935 02:00 || Sun [6 October 02:00 ]| Sun 22 April 02:00 ] 02:00 || |||-!1933 02:00 || Sun [8 October 02:00 ]| Sun 17 April 02:00 ] 02:00 || |||-!1930 02:00 || Sun [5 October 02:00 ]| Sun 21 April 02:00 ] 02:00 || |||-!1928 02:00 || Sun [7 October 02:00 ]| Sun 10 April 02:00 ] 02:00 || |||-!1926 02:00 || Sun [3 October 02:00 ]| Sun 19 April 02:00 ] 02:00 || |||-!1924 02:00 || Sun [21 September 02:00 ]| Sun 22 April 02:00 ] 02:00 || |||-!1922 02:00 || Sun [8 October 02:00 ]| Sun 3 April 02:00 ] 02:00 || |||-!1920 02:00 || Sun [25 October 02:00 ]| Sun 30 March 02:00 ] 02:00 || |||-!1918 02:00 || Sun [30 September 02:00 ]| Sun 8 April 02:00 ] 02:00 || |||-!1916 02:00 || Sun [1 October 02:00 ] 1916 time in all of Ireland was based on UTC-0:25 which was GMT − 25 minutes.

References Further reading

Prerau, David. Saving the Daylight: Why We Put the Clocks Forward (Granta Books; £14.99; ISBN 1-86207-796-7) — The Story of Summer Time/Daylight Saving Time with a focus on the UK

External links

A Brief History of BST/DST
History of legal time in Britain
BBC news report: Safety call as clocks go back.
RoSPA Press Release: RoSPA calls for switch to lighter nights to save lives
BST FAQ
Official British Government site listing Summer time dates for 2006–2011 inclusive
Dates when BST began and ended
UNIX 'zoneinfo' file for Europe: as well as including a full set of dates for all European countries, it includes many comments on the history of DST in those countries.

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Western European Summer Time - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Western European Summer Time (WEST) is a summer daylight saving time scheme, 1 hour ahead of Coordinated Universal Time. It is used in the following places:

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